gendered language July 19, 2009
Posted by relsdork in bible, religion, scripture.Tags: bible translations, feminism, language, sexism
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One of the topics hot in circles considering religious translations is always the idea of gendered language. Radicals like Mary Daly completely restructure tradition and take feminism to points which can arguably be damaging, but the debate seems relevant.
A lot of people believe that “He” language is simply a reflection of the times which certain documents were written in. This is, of course, true. However, in cases of texts like religious documents which serve as important spiritual sources for many people and of modern writing, is it important to eliminate gendered language?
I admit that I’m often surprised when I see an author throwing a “she” in there in an attempt to be more inclusive. While the fact that it jumps out at me should be cause for me to consider the effects that gendered language has had on me, it generally only seems to me an obvious and conscious attempt of the author to give fair time to the Other. As in forms of positive racism, I have to ask to what extent it’s useful. While using “she” seeks to include the sex generally left out of history until more recent decades, when used in ways that are not direct references to a female, it only contributes to a view of humanity as gendered in circumstances where gender is completely irrelevant. Just like we can’t eliminate racism by continuing to note it in situations of complete irrelevance, it does no more good to note gender.
While that “she” jumps out at me in my reading, I recently noticed that “he” does as well. I’m currently reading America Unlimited by Eric Johnston; upon running my eyes through the words of the first page, “he” could have been bold or underlined, it seemed so overly used. Of course, the book, written in the 40’s, would have made absolutely no attempt to say “Americans” or “one,” and so it didn’t. My mind, accustomed to reading academic books penned in more recent years by scholars progressive enough to use ungendered (is that a word?) language more often than not, my mind now sees uses of “he” and “she” as quite equally ridiculous.
The first page of America Unlimited elicited a knee-jerk reaction in me—What do you mean he? Are we women so incompetent that we can’t understand politics or the economy? (The funny part is that the copy I’m reading was originally my grandmother’s.) While uses of “she” jump out as well-intentioned positive sexism, uses of “he” jump out as archaic and ignorant. My sexist radar soon subsided as I reminded myself of the copyright date on the book, but a little red string in my head reminded me to mull over the implications of that experience at a later point.
While I once thought that a removal of gendered language was a task a little pointless, thinking that simply educating people on the contexts of works prior to shoving them before them to read would remedy the situation, I now think it quite necessary. Regardless of whether I know that language is gendered because of its context or the limits of the original language, the use of unnecessarily gendered language apparently does affect my experience, whether I notice it or not. It’s only been the absence of gendered language that has allowed me to notice this.
So that is my argument for removing unnecessary gendered language from scripture and writing in gender neutral language. Thank you and goodnight.
Reasons I Love Wayne Meeks April 8, 2009
Posted by relsdork in bible, christian, religion, scripture.Tags: bible translations, gospels, scriputre, wayne meeks
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My newest educational toy is my Bible edited by Wayne A. Meeks. Upon its arrival, I tore open its packaging and drooled over the amount of footnotes. I also think I need to purchase a couple other books to further boost my studies. I’ll look into those soon.
In any case, as I caught myself up to my current chapter in Matthew in my new Bible, here are some notes I made, all courtesy of the lovely editor’s notes in my new Bible.
Literally, “Messiah” or “Christ” is “The Anointed.” Kings and priests were anointed with oils.
Matthew traces Jesus to Abraham, the father of the Chosen People, but also “ancestor of a multitude of nations,” which can be taken to include the Gentiles.
The women included in Matthew’s genealogy were Gentiles or Jewesses with irregular sexual unions considered important for God’s plan (logos?), like Mary.
When Matthew concludes Jesus’ genealogy, he divides the generations into groups of 14. Fourteen is the numerical value of David’s name.
Oftentimes the word “virgin” is more accurately translated “young woman.”
The light in your eye… the passage in Matthew (6.22-23) which speaks of light and darkness is better understood in the original language and context. It reads, “If your eye is unhealthy, your whole body will be full of darkness” (NRSV). The word translated here as “unhealthy” is literally “evil.” The translator chose “unhealthy” because of the connotations of “evil” in the English language. However, if you understand the context, you understand the phrase is different than it looks at face value in English. An evil eye was a metaphor for jealousy. Recalling courses on both Religion and Anthropology and Jewish Mysticism, I can also submit that in some traditions, the evil eye can even do one harm. Some cultures will mark the faces of beautiful children to avoid the evil eye. Protective makeup and amulets are also often employed. In any case, this passage speaks truth– jealousy is consuming. When one can be free of jealousy, one can be free to love more openly and embrace God’s light. When seen through these lenses, the passage also makes more sense with the passage following, which talks about serving God vs. serving wealth.
Both Matthew and Paul indicate that Peter was married.
Naming is an act of power. When demons call Jesus “Son of God,” they are attempting to gain power over the exorcist.
I knew a lot of this stuff, but was reminded of how interesting it was/how often people don’t know it upon reading it. So enjoy. Try not to let your brain dribble out your ear.
Freedom from Sin is in the Definition April 6, 2009
Posted by relsdork in bible, christian, religion, scripture.Tags: bible translations, jesus seminar, marcus borg, religious studies
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“The original Hebrew word translated as ‘to sin’ in the Bible actually meant ‘to miss the mark,’ the way an arrow misses its target.”
–Marcus Borg
More Translation Problems April 2, 2009
Posted by relsdork in bible, christian, religion, scripture, struggle.Tags: bible translations, gospels, jesus, miracles, purity, religion, scripture
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Jesus heals many conditions in the gospels. Most often, however, the Bible speaks of Jesus healing leprosy. The word translated as leprosy is “unclean,” which is how such diseases were often seen. Sin was related to health; ritual was related to health. While “unclean” often meant things like leprosy, it was not the only condition.
My question is not one I can answer on my own. It stems from what I know about Jewish ritual. Menstruation and ejaculation could make one unclean. Quite often, people were considered unclean without visible evidence of this state (often my mere exposure to another’s “uncleanliness”). Purity laws required rituals to make one clean again. They also required Jews to follow certain restrictions for periods of time after one was made unclean. Unclean people were to stay out of certain areas and often were prohibited from making physical contact with those who were ritually clean. (That’s half of what the story of the Good Samaritan is about– Jews not wanting to compromise their purity status by touching someone who was unclean.)
So my question is: Did Jesus heal an actual illness, or did he pronounce ritually unclean people as clean, by authority of God (also following the “legality is oftentimes silly” motif)? I could perhaps shed more light on this issue if I knew Koine Greek.
Of course, this is only relevant to Jesus’ healings of “unclean” conditions. Blindness and paralysis are different animals entirely.
Metanoia March 17, 2009
Posted by relsdork in bible, christian, church, religion, scripture.Tags: bible translations, biblical scholarship, greek, jesus seminar, marcus borg
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Anyone who has heard the expression “Repent, for the kingdom of God is at hand!” is familiar with the Greek word metanoia. Here it is translated to signify a profound “change of heart” or “change of mind,” a transformation in goals and life direction. But for centuries, the term has implied the Christian concepts of good and evil and has been translated as “repentance” or “conversion.” –Marcus Borg